Respri Winter CL™

1. Antimicrobial effects of some native medicinal trees in infectious conjunctivitis
Gonçalves, A.L1*; Alves Filho, A.1; Menezes, H1
1Universidade Estadual Paulista-Unesp. Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia. Av. 24 A n. 1515, Rio Claro-
SP(Brasil). *E-mail: airtonlgoncalves@ig.com.br

2. Potential Utilization of Brazilian Wood Extractives
Otto R. Gottlieb* and Walter B. Mors*
198 J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 196-215

3. Genipa americana In Native Tropical Medicine.
Keeler C.
PMID: 14201322 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE]

4. Antibacterial action of an extract from the jagua fruit, Genipa americana; preliminary note
Cordova Marquez R, Axtmayer JH, Brenes Pomales A.
PMID: 13208774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5. Medicinal plants of Surinam. III: Antimicrobially active alkaloids from aspidosperma excelsum
Verpoorte R, Kos-Kuyck E, Tsoi AT, Ruigrok CL, de Jong G, Baerheim Svendsen A.
Planta Med. 1983 Aug;48(4):283-9.
PMID: 6635013 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

6. “Amazon Medicines of brazil, Columbia, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador”
by J. River Jones, Amazon
Therapeutic Laboratories, unpublished field journals 1994-2005.

7. Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra).
Harokopakis E, Albzreh MH, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA, Hajishengallis G.
J Periodontol. 2006 Feb;77(2):271-9.
PMID: 16460254 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L.
L.Uncini Manganelli RE,Zaccaro L, Tomei PE.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 26;98(3):323-7.
PMID: 15814267 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil.
Mimica-Dukic N, Bozin B, Sokovic M, Simin N.
PMID: 15113145 [PubMed - in process]

10. The effect of the Melissa officinalis extract on immune response in mice.
Drozd J, Anuszewska E.
PMID: 15080594 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm).
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KA.
PMID: 12062586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12. Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of some medicinal South American plants.
Ciccia G, Coussio J, Mongelli E.
PMID: 10967471 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14. Analgesic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory principle from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahmed M, Shikha HA, Sadhu SK, Rahman MT, Datta BK.
PMID: 11534346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15. Lipophilic quinones of the trunk wood of Tabebuia serratifolia
(Vahl.) Nichols[Article in French]Vidal-Tessier AM, Delaveau P, Champion B, Jacquemin H.
Ann Pharm Fr. 1988;46(1):55-7
PMID: 3218836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16. Tabebuia serratifolia
The bark of Tabebuia serratifolia contains more than 20 active compounds including lapachol, quercetin and other flavonoids. It is one of the largest and strongest of tropical forest trees, growing up to 150 feet tall while the base can be 4 to 7 feet in diameter.
Wikipedia

1. Antimicrobial effects of some native medicinal trees in infectious conjunctivitis
Gonçalves, A.L1*; Alves Filho, A.1; Menezes, H1
1Universidade Estadual Paulista-Unesp. Departamento de
Bioquímica e Microbiologia. Av. 24 A n. 1515, Rio Claro-SP(Brasil). *E-mail: airtonlgoncalves@ig.com.br
Abstract: The results of a preliminary antimicrobial screening of 22 hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained from species of Brazilian medicinal trees are reported. Utilizing the disc diffusion method, the extracts were tested against Klebsiella spp,Staphylococcus aureus, negative-coagulase Staphylococcus spp, and Streptococcus spp. Exceptional antimicrobial activity(AA) was observed with extracts of Mimosa tenuiflora, Stryphnodendron adstringens and Eugenia uniflora, againstStaphylococcus aureus, negative-coagulase Staphylococcs spp and Streptococcus spp. Tests of antibiosis with commerciallyavailable antibiotics were simultaneously conducted against the above-mentioned bacteria to compare with the AA potentialof these native-tree extracts.

2. Potential Utilization of Brazilian Wood Extractives
Otto R. Gottlieb* and Walter B. Mors*
(120) Barton, G. M., MacDonald, B. F., “The Chemistry and Utilization of Western Red Cedar”, Publication No. 1023,
Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, 1971.Received for review May 30, 1979. Accepted
August 28, 1979. Presented at the Joint Chemical Congress of the American Chemical Society and the Chemical Society
of Japan, Division of Cellulose, Paper, and Textile, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 1979
Attention is called to the potentialities of Brazilian trees in offering compounds of biological interest. The chemical knowledge which has been acquired about phenolics (arylpyrones, benzophenones, neolignans, xanthones, coumarins, isocoumarins, flavonoids), polyketides, terpenoids (sesqui-, di-, triterpenoids,prenylnaphthoquinones), and alkaloids is reviewed, provided a group of biogenetically related compounds has been isolated and biodynamic activity can be pointed out.
198 J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 196-215

3. Genipa Americana In Native Tropical Medicine.
Keeler C.
PMID: 14201322 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE]

4. Antibacterial action of an extract from the jagua fruit, Genipa americana; preliminary note.
CORDOVA MARQUEZ R, AXTMAYER JH, BRENES POMALES A.
Bol Asoc Med P R. 1954 Aug;46(8):375-6.
Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae. “Huito”, “Huitol”, “Jagua”, “Genipap”. Fresh fruit eaten for bronchitis; also used to make spiritous drinks. Cooking with brown sugar and aguardiente makes a nice dessert. Green fruit used to dye clothes, also used to paint and decorate their faces. Wood used in carpentry. Some people affirm that the fruit decoction is abortifacient. Don Antonio Montero claims that the strained fruit juice is good for cancer of the uterus. “Achuales” from Pastaza use the green pericarp to extract decayed teeth. “Achuales” and peasants near Iquitos cook the fruit and seeds; this decoction is use on baths for female genital inflammations. It also reduces swelling of the respiratory mucous membranes. “Kayapo” eat the fruit and use it to decorate their bodies. “Crééoles” prepare a cathartic and antidiarrheic decoction; the same decoction is used in poultice to treat ulcers (GMJ). Haitians use for anemia, aphrodisia, blenorrhagia, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatoses, and tumors (DAW). Brazilians express the fruit juice, let stand overnight, and drink a small cup each day for 2 or 3 days for jaundice (BDC). Contains: genipin, mannitol, tannin, methyl-ethers, caterine, hydantoin, and tannic acid (RVM).
PMID: 13208774 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]

5. Medicinal plants of surinam. III: Antimicrobially active alkaloids from aspidosperma excelsum
Verpoorte R, Kos-Kuyck E, Tsoi AT, Ruigrok CL, de Jong G, Baerheim Svendsen A.
Planta Med. 1983 Aug;48(4):283-9.
PMID: 6635013 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

6. “Amazon Medicines of Brazil, Columbia, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador”
by J. River Jones, Amazon
Therapeutic Laboratories, unpublished field journals 1994-2005.

7. Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra).
Harokopakis E, Albzreh MH, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA, Hajishengallis G.
Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State
University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
BACKGROUND: Prolonged induction of excessive levels of inflammatory mediators contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease states, such as periodontitis. It is thus important to develop safe and effective anti-inflammatory strategies for therapeutic reasons. In this study, we determined the ability of aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra) to inhibit the proinflammatory activity of major virulence factors from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. METHODS: Monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils were incubated with whole cells of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, or purified components thereof (lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae) in the absence or presence of elder flower extract and were assayed for cytokine production, integrin activation, or induction of the oxidative burst. RESULTS: The elder flower extract was found to potently inhibit all proinflammatory activities tested. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that the anti-inflammatory extract inhibited activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappaB and of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. CONCLUSION: The elder flower extract displays useful anti-inflammatory properties that could be exploited therapeutically for the control of inflammation in human periodontitis.
PMID: 16460254 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra
L.Uncini Manganelli RE,Zaccaro L, Tomei PE.
Department of Agronomia e Gestione dell’Agroecosistema, University of Pisa, Via S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, Pisa
56100, Italy. ritely@agr.unipi.it
Parietaria diffusa M. et K., Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) and Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) are plants usually used in popular medicine of central Italy for treating numerous diseases, first of all Herpes zoster. Several plant products have been described as potential antiviral agents, with special attention being devoted to those having retroviruses as etiological agents, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in which a retrovirus, the designated human immunodeficiency virus HIV, has been clearly identified as the primary cause of this disease. The present study proposes a preliminary screening of the antiviral activity of Parietaria diffusa, Sambucus nigra and Urtica dioica preparation against the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The feline immunodeficiency virus is a widespread lentivirus of domestic cats sharing numerous biological and pathogenic features with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). FIV infection in cats has therefore been proposed as an animal model for AIDS studies with respect to pathogenesis, chemotherapy, and vaccine development [Pedersen, N.C., 1993. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Levy, J.A. (Ed.), The Retroviridae. Plenum Press, New York; Bendinelli, M., Pistello, M., Lombardi, S., Poli, A., Garzelli, C., Matteucci, D., Ceccherini-Nelli, L., Malvaldi, G., Tozzini, F., 1995. Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clinical Microbiology Revue 8, 87-112; North, T.W., LaCasse, R.A., 1995. Testing anti-HIV drugs in the FIV model. Nature Medicine 1, 410-411; Matteucci, D., Pistello, M., Mazzetti, P., Giannechini, S., Isola, P., Merico, A., Zaccaro, L., Rizzati, A., Bendinelli, M., 2000. AIDS vaccination studies using feline immunodeficiency virus as a model: immunisation with inactivated whole virus suppresses viraemia levels following intravaginal challenge with infected cells but non-following intravenous challenge with cell-free virus. Vaccine 18, 119-130]. Early studies showed that some of them presented antiviral activity against infection of FIV as assayed by syncytia formation using feline kidney Crandell cells (CrFK).
PMID: 15814267 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil.
Mimica-Dukic N, Bozin B, Sokovic M, Simin N.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Trg D.
Obradovica 3, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad,
Serbia and Montenegro. mimica@ih.ns.ac.yu
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 5;52(9):2485-9.
The present study describes antimicrobial and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) together with the effects on lipid peroxidation (LP) of Melissa officinalis essential oil. The chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated by the means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). RSC was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of essential oil on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(*)) and OH(*) radicals. The effect on LP was evaluated following the activities on Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) systems of induction. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and six fungi. The examined essential oil exhibited very strong RSC, reducing the DPPH radical formation (IC(50) = 7.58 microg/mL) and OH radical generation (IC(50) = 1.74 microg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. According to the GC-MS and TLC (dot-blot techniques), the most powerful scavenging compounds were monoterpene aldehydes and ketones (neral/geranial, citronellal, isomenthone, and menthone) and mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (E-caryophyllene). Very strong inhibition of LP, particularly in the Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) system of induction (94.59% for 2.13 microg/mL), was observed in both cases, also in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective antibacterial activity was expressed on a multiresistant strain of Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity was exhibited on Trichophyton species.
PMID: 15113145 [PubMed - in process]

10. The effect of the Melissa officinalis extract on immune response in mice.
Drozd J, Anuszewska E.
Acta Pol Pharm. 2003 Nov-Dec;60(6):467-70
Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, National Institute of Public Health, 30/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725
Warszawa.
The effect of an extract from Melissa officinalis on immune response in mice was analysed using the cytotoxicity test in three dilutions (undiluted extract and extract diluted 10 and 100 times) and hemagglutination and rosette tests with various routes of administration (oral and subcutaneous). The immunostimulating activity of the extract was compared with that of a synthetic compound--levamisole, which influence on the immune system is well known. The present results confirm the effect of water extracts from leaves of Melissa on the immune system, in both humoral and cellular response.
PMID: 15080594 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm).
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KA.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jul;72(4):953-64.
Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) is a traditional herbal medicine, which enjoys contemporary usage as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. It has been suggested, in light of in vitro cholinergic binding properties, that Melissa extracts may effectively ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease. To date, no study has investigated the effects on cognition and mood of administration of Melissa to healthy humans. The present randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced-crossover study investigated the acute effects on cognition and mood of a standardised extract of M. officinalis. Twenty healthy, young participants received single doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg of M. officinalis (Pharmaton) or a matching placebo at 7-day intervals. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and two serial subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. In vitro IC(50) concentrations for the displacement of [3H]-(N)-nicotine and [3H]-(N)-scopolamine from nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in human occipital cortex tissue were also calculated. Results, utilising the cognitive factors previously derived from the CDR battery, included a sustained improvement in Accuracy of Attention following 600 mg of Melissa and time- and dose-specific reductions in both Secondary Memory and Working Memory factors. Self-rated “calmness,” as assessed by Bond-Lader mood scales, was elevated at the earliest time points by the lowest dose, whilst “alertness” was significantly reduced at all time points following the highest dose. Both nicotinic and muscarinic binding were found to be low in comparison to the levels found in previous studies.Publication Types:
PMID: 12062586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Muna ‘Minthostachys setosa’
Note: Also see reference six

12. Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of some medicinal South American plants.
Ciccia G, Coussio J, Mongelli E.
Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Sep;72(1-2):185-9
Catedra de Microbiologia Industrial y Biotecnologia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Junin 956 (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The insecticidal activity of 11 extracts from nine South American medicinal plants has been studied using the Aedes aegypti larvicidal assay. Eight of the 11 plant extracts studied showed toxicity against the A. aegypti larvae (LC(50)<500 microg/ml). The dichloromethane extracts of Abuta grandifolia and Minthostachys setosa demonstrated high larvicidal activity, the most active being the dichloromethane extract of A. grandifolia, with an LC(50)=2.6 microg/ml (LC(100)= 8.1 microg/ml), indicating an activity 2-fold higher than beta-asarone, a natural botanical insecticide used as a positive control (LC(100)=16 microg/ml). On the other hand, the dichloromethane extract of M. setosa was quite potent against A. aegypti larvae showing an LC(50)=9.2 microg/ml (LC(100)=25.2 microg/ml). The results obtained suggest that the extracts of A. grandifolia and M. setosa are promising as larvicides against A. aegypti larvae and could be useful in the search for new larvicidal natural compounds.
PMID: 10967471 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
The antiviral activity of five diterpenoids isolated from Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae, was examined in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1. Among these compounds, only scopadulcic acid B was found to inhibit the viral replication with the in vitro therapeutic index of 16.7. The action of scopadulcic acid B was not due to a direct virucidal effect or inhibition of virus attachment to host cells. Single-cycle replication experiments indicated that the compound interfered with considerably early events of virus growth. The influence of scopadulcic acid B on the course of the primary corneal herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a hamster test model. When the treatment was initiated immediately after virus inoculation, scopadulcic acid B, when applied orally or intraperitoneally, effectively prolonged both the appearance of herpetic lesions and the survival time at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14. Analgesic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory principle from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahmed M, Shikha HA, Sadhu SK, Rahman MT, Datta BK.
Pharmazie. 2001 Aug;56(8):657-60.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. mua@du.bangla.net
Scoparinol, a diterpene, isolated from Scoparia dulcis showed significant analgesic (p < 0.001) and anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.01) in animals. A sedative action of scoparinol was demonstrated by a marked potentiation of pentobarbital-induced sedation with a significant effect on both onset and duration of sleep (p < 0.05). Measurement of urine volume after administration of scoparinol indicated its significant diuretic action.
PMID: 11534346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]